Do they make special kinds of DVD and Blu-ray discs made out of metal like aluminum and steel? More durable materials?

Aside from decorative layers no, since the entire function of the disk is built around it being plastic.   I'm sure there's some rare instances of a decorative metal disk fused or glued to the functional layer of "plastic" on some special edition dvd\blurays, however I'm not sure if that would fall into the definition of it being a truly metal disk.  

DVD\bluray's have 3 basic layers.  The bottom is a thick layer of clear plastic.  Then there is a very thin and sensitive\soft layer of the optical media.  It must be soft since relatively weak lasers are used to burn the data onto them.  This layer is where the data is stored and any flaw in it permanently destroys the entire disk.  On top of the optical layer is a paper thin protective layer of plastic material where you see the label graphic.  You can buff scratches off clear plastic on the bottom, but if the top gets scratched the disk is permanently destroyed.  Technically you could add a 4th layer of metal on top, which I'm sure has been done in some special releases.  

In a way; there are "M-Disc" DVD and Blu-Ray blanks that have the writable layer within the disc based on carbon rather than a dye.

Those have an expected lifetime of around a thousand years or more, as the carbon does not degrade like the normal dye layers in writable discs.

They do need a different write system to conventional blanks, but a lot of newer optical drives can take them.

Whatever the data layer is made of within the disc, the surface must still be transparent plastic so the laser used to read or write data can pass through it...

roflmao.  guess you don't understand how one of these works.  laser 'picks up' a series of very small pits and blanks on the disk ... and translates those into 0s and 1s.  metal materials would be much more difficult to fabricate at the very small pit sizes required -- and thus there is no such product.  besides, metal is subject to corrosion and similar problems -- which would disrupt the laser's ability to see the pits