Yellow stripes on sides of runways and taxiways?

If you’re talking about Runway 3L/21R at Nellis AFB, the chevrons at either end are the underrun/overrun zones. The pilots aim to land at the “piano keys,” the wide white marks on the runway, however, if for some reason an aircraft lands short, it would still land on the paved runway. Also, if an aircraft lands long or aborts the takeoff it could continue into the chevrons to have extra room to stop.

The edge striping further down the runway is used to mark the runway shoulders. The 3L/21R has wide shoulders to accommodate aircraft, like B-52 and U-2 that have outrigger landing gear to ease maneuvering on the ground.

The arrows on the 13R/31L at JFK indicate an offset touchdown zone. If you notice the “piano keys” on 31L are well down the runway beyond the 4L/22R intersection to safely clear obstructions on the approach end. However, the part of the runway before the “piano keys” can still be used for part of takeoff run.

In short, you can’t use the part of the runway marked with chevrons for landings or takeoffs. You can use the part of the runway marked with arrows for takeoffs only.

These are standard markings which may indicate unusable parts of runways or taxiways or, as an example, a displaced threshold or a runway overrun -

Such markings are also used at civilian airfields -